MATERIALS FOR STUDENTS

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND  OFFICE TOOLS  Computer Fundamentals: Hardware:  Physical elements that make up a computer include the CPU, motherboard, RAM, storage (hard drives, solid-state drives), input (keyboard, mouse), output (monitor, printer), and networking devices. Software:  The programmes and applications that make up computer software tell the hardware how to carry out particular tasks. This comprises web browsers, productivity programmes (like Microsoft Office and Google Workspace), operating systems (including Windows, macOS, and Linux), and specialised software for diverse uses. Computer hardware and software resources are managed by operating systems (OS), which also offer a user interface for interacting with the system. The three most popular operating systems are Windows, macOS, and Linux. Computer networks:  Several computers and other devices are linked together by computer networks to allow data sharing and communication. Local area networks (LANs), wide area networks

MS OFFICE NOTES Microsoft Office Suite: Microsoft Office is a group of useful programmes that the company has created. It contains a number of programmes that are frequently used in both personal and professional contexts. Word: The word processing programme Microsoft Word is used to draught and edit documents. Formatting, spell checking, and the use of photos, tables, and graphs are some of the capabilities it offers. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application used for data management, analysis, and manipulation. It offers capabilities for performing intricate calculations as well as tools for producing formulas, charts, and graphs. Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation tool that enables users to make slideshows that are aesthetically appealing. To improve presentations, it provides a variety of templates, animations, and slide transitions. Microsoft OneNote is a programme for capturing electronic notes. Users can write notes, draw pictures, take screenshots, and organise audio rec

 AUTOCAD TUTORIALS  For the purpose of producing exact 2D and 3D drawings, AutoCAD is a potent computer-aided design (CAD) tool that is utilised extensively across numerous industries. Here are some basic instructions and actions to get you started: Overview of interfaces: You'll see the programme window for AutoCAD after starting it up, which includes a number of menus, toolbars, and panels. The top ribbon menu is typically where you'll find the most frequently used tools. Your designs are created and modified in the drawing area. Setup for Drawing: To begin a new drawing, click the "New" button on the ribbon menu or type "NEW" on the command line. By entering "UNITS" in the command line, you can specify the units for your drawing. Select the precision and unit type that are appropriate. Enter "LIMITS" in the command line to set the drawing restrictions. Specify the boundaries within which you will draw. Basic Drawing Instructions: Line:

  OS MATERIALS FOR BSC UNIT-1: Operating System is an Interface between a Computer User and Computer Hardware. Every general-purpose Computer must have an Operating System to run other programs and applications. It acts as an intermediary between user and computer.  An Operating System (OS) is a System Software that controls and co- ordinate the execution of the programs.  The purpose of an Operating System is to provide an environment in which the Users can execute his Programs.  The Primary Goal of an Operating System is to make the Computer Systems convenient to use.  The Secondary Goal of an Operating System is to use the Computer Hardware in an efficient manner A Computer System Can be divided roughly into four Components: a. The Hardware b. The Application Programs c. The Operating Systems d. The Users a) The Hardware: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory, I/O Devices Provides The Basic Computing Services For The Systems. b) The Application Programs: The Application Progr

C++ PROGRAMMING NOTES As an expansion of the C programming language, C++ is a potent general-purpose programming language. It was created with the goal of improving object-oriented programming capabilities while keeping C's speed and low-level features. The following are some essential C++ programming features and ideas: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are some of the OOP principles that C++ supports. The foundational elements of OOP, classes and objects, can be defined. Standard Template Library (STL): The Standard Template Library is a comprehensive library that comes with C++. It contains a number of container classes (including vectors, lists, and maps), algorithms (like sorting and searching), and other helpful utilities. Templates are a feature of C++ that let you create generic code that may be applied to a variety of data types. For writing reusable and adaptable code, templates are an effective tool. Exception Handling: C++ c

  DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING NOTES DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS: The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of digital computer. Digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location and value. These elements are called picture elements, image elements, pels and pixels. Pixel is the term used most widely to denote the elements of digital image. An image is a two-dimensional function that represents a measure of some characteristic such as brightness or color of a viewed scene. An image is a projection of a 3- D scene into a 2D projection plane. An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function f(x,y), where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity of the image at that point. APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Since digital image processing has very wide applications and almost all of the technical fields are impacted b

  MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (MAD) A BRIEF HISTORY OF MOBILE Mobile phones have changed the way we live our lives providing voice calling, text messaging and mobile Internet access. The very first mobile phones were two-way radios that allowed taxi drivers and the emergency services to communicate. Motorola, on 3 April 1973 was first company to mass produce the first handheld mobile phone. PRE-STANDARDISATION OR “0 G” AT&T was one of the first to commercialize mobile telecommunication in 1947. The service known simply as ―Mobile Telephone Serviceǁ (MTS) spread to more than a hundred towns and highway paths by the end of the year. The service relied on an operator to connect both incoming and outgoing calls. The first generation of cellular networks paved the way to the networks. Use of multiple cell tower sites, each connected through a network, allowed users to travel and even switch cell towers during a call. It was a revolution built on existing, analog technology with the f

  MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS) An organization's decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualisation activities are all supported by management information systems (MISs), which are computerised systems that gather, analyse, store, and distribute information. It is made to give managers and other users timely, pertinent information so they may plan, organise, and regulate organisational activities more successfully. A typical MIS's essential elements include: Data Input: MIS gathers information from a range of sources, including activities, transactions, and outside environments. Manual entry or automatic entry through interfaces with other systems are both options for entering this data. Data Processing: Using a variety of methods, including sorting, filtering, summarising, computing, and data manipulation, the acquired data is processed and turned into informative information. Database: MIS stores and arranges the processed data in a central database. L

 UNIX MATERIALS What is Unix ? The Unix operating system is a set of programs that act as a link between the computer and the user. The computer programs that allocate the system resources and coordinate all the details of the computer's internals is called the operating system or the kernel. Users communicate with the kernel through a program known as the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates commands entered by the user and converts them into a language that is understood by the kernel. Unix was originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna at Bell Labs.There are various Unix variants available in the market. Solaris Unix, AIX, HP Unix and BSD are a few examples. Linux is also a flavor of Unix which is freely available. Several people can use a Unix computer at the same time; hence Unix is called a multiuser system. A user can also run multiple programs at the same time; hence U

PYTHON NOTES  FOR BSC AND BCA PYTHON INTERODUCTION  Python is a simple, general purpose, high level, and object-oriented programming language. Python is an interpreted scripting language also. Guido Van Rossum is known as the founder of Python programming. What is Python: Python is a general purpose, dynamic, high-level and interpreted programming language. It supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop applications. It is simple and easy to learn and provides lots of high-level data structures. Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language, which makes it attractive for Application Development. Python's syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development. Python supports multiple programming pattern, including object-oriented, imperative, and functional or procedural programming styles. Python is not intended to work in a particular area, such as web programming. That i

  DATA MINING AND DATA WAREHOUSE UNIT-1: Data Mining: Data mining is defined as the procedure of extracting information from large sets of data i.e. there is a large of data available in the industry. This data is of no use until it is converted into useful information. It is necessary to analyze this large amount of data and extract useful information. Sometimes referred as  Knowledge Extraction  Knowledge Mining  Pattern Anaysis  Data Archeology Areas of Data mining:  Financial Data Analysis: The financial data in banking and financial industry is generally reliable and of high quality which facilities systematic data analysis and data mining. Some of the typical cases are as follows:  Loan payment prediction and customer credit policy analysis.  Classification and clustering of customers for targeted marketing  Detection of money laundering and other financial crimes  Retail Industry: Data mining in retail industry helps in identifying customer buying items and trends that

  SOFTWARE TESTING What is testing? Testing is the process of exercising or evaluating a system or system components by manual or automated means to verify that it satisfies specified requirements. The Purpose of Testing: Testing consumes at least half of the time and work required to produce a functional program. o MYTH: Good programmers write code without bugs. (It’s wrong!!!) o History says that even well written programs still have 1-3 bugs per hundred statements. Productivity and Quality in Software: o In production of consumer goods and other products, every manufacturing stage is subjected to quality control and testing from component to final stage. o If flaws are discovered at any stage, the product is either discarded or cycled back for rework and correction. o Productivity is measured by the sum of the costs of the material, the rework, and the discarded components, and the cost of quality assurance and testing.   There is a tradeoff between quality assurance costs and manuf

DATA SCIENCE MATERIAL  INTERDUCTION  Data science also known as data-driven science. • Data science is an inter-disciplinary field about scientific methods, processes, and systems to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms, either structured or unstructured. • Data science is a concept to unify statistics, data analysis and their related methods in order to understand and analyze actual phenomena with data. • Data science is a multidisciplinary blend of data inference, algorithm development, and technology in order to solve analytically complex problems. • We define Data science as managing the process that can transform hypotheses and data into actionable predictions. For example: who will win an Election, what products will sell together, which loans will default, or which advertisements will be clicked on. • The Data science field employs mathematics, statistics, and computer science disciplines, and incorporates techniques like Machine Learning and Artificial Intel

  IOT MATERIAL for BSC The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of actual things including machinery, automobiles, appliances, and other things that have connectivity, software, and sensors built in. These gadgets have the ability to gather and exchange data through the internet, allowing them to speak and interact with each other as well as with people. IoT's main features include: IoT devices have internet connectivity, which enables them to send and receive data. They may communicate using a variety of technologies, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, or specific Internet of Things protocols. IoT devices have sensors and actuators so they can collect data from their surroundings. These sensors may pick up on elements like temperature, light, humidity, motion, and others. On the other hand, actuators enable devices to carry out physical actions in response to commands. Data processing and analytics: The Internet of Things creates a lot of data. This data is processed