C++ PROGRAMMING NOTES
As an expansion of the C programming language, C++ is a potent general-purpose programming language. It was created with the goal of improving object-oriented programming capabilities while keeping C's speed and low-level features.
The following are some essential C++ programming features and ideas:
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are some of the OOP principles that C++ supports. The foundational elements of OOP, classes and objects, can be defined.
Standard Template Library (STL): The Standard Template Library is a comprehensive library that comes with C++. It contains a number of container classes (including vectors, lists, and maps), algorithms (like sorting and searching), and other helpful utilities.
Templates are a feature of C++ that let you create generic code that may be applied to a variety of data types. For writing reusable and adaptable code, templates are an effective tool.
Exception Handling: C++ comes with built-in functionality for handling exceptions, allowing you to manage runtime failures in a methodical way. This makes it easier to write reliable, error-proof code.
Memory Management: C++ provides tools for dynamic memory allocation (using the new and delete keywords) and smart pointers (such as std::shared_ptr and std::unique_ptr), allowing effective resource utilisation.
Operator Overloading: In C++, you can modify how operators behave with respect to user-defined types. This capability provides more expressive and intuitive code.
Standardisation: The ISO C++ Standard is the standardised specification for C++. The most recent version, C++17, added a number of new features and enhancements. The later versions, C++20 and C++23, include more improvements.
Cross-Platform Compatibility: C++ is a flexible language for creating software that runs on numerous platforms since programmes may be compiled and executed on different operating systems.
These are but a few of the crucial components of C++ programming. C++ has a broad range of features and is utilised in many different industries, such as scientific computing, game creation, and systems programming.
SYLLABUS
Object Oriented Programming
Module I
Introduction to object oriented programming, user defined types, structures, unions, polymorphism, encapsulation. Getting started with C++ syntax, data-type, variables, strings, functions, default values in functions, recursion, namespaces, operators, flow control, arrays and pointers.
Module II
Abstraction mechanism: Classes, private, public, constructors, destructors, member data, member functions, inline function, friend functions, static members, and references. Inheritance: Class hierarchy, derived classes, single inheritance, multiple, multilevel, hybrid inheritance, role of virtual base class, constructor and destructor execution, base initialization using derived class constructors.
Polymorphism: Binding, Static binding, Dynamic binding, Static polymorphism: Function Overloading, Ambiguity in function overloading, Dynamic polymorphism: Base class pointer, object slicing, late binding, method overriding with virtual functions, pure virtual functions, abstract classes.
Operator Overloading: This pointer, applications of this pointer, Operator function, member and non member operator function, operator overloading, I/O operators. Exception handling: Try, throw, and catch, exceptions and derived classes, function exception declaration, unexpected exceptions, exception when handling exceptions, resource capture and release.
Module III
Dynamic memory management, new and delete operators, object copying, copy constructor, assignment operator, virtual destructor. Template: template classes, template functions. Standard Template Library: Fundamental idea about string, iterators, hashes, iostreams and other types. Namespaces: user defined namespaces, namespaces provided by library. Object Oriented Design, design and programming, role of classes.
LECTURE-1
Introduction:
Programmers write instructions in various programming languages to perform their computation
tasks such as:
(i) Machine level Language
(ii) Assembly level Language
(iii) High level Language
Machine level Language :
Machine code or machine language is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's central
processing unit (CPU). Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load, a jump, or an
ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory. Every program directly executed by a
CPU is made up of a series of such instructions.
Assembly level Language :
An assembly language (or assembler language) is a low-level programming language for a computer,
or other programmable device, in which there is a very strong (generally one-to-one) correspondence
between the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. Assembly language is
converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the
conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.
High level Language :
High-level language is any programming language that enables development of a program in much
simpler programming context and is generally independent of the computer's hardware architecture.
High-level language has a higher level of abstraction from the computer, and focuses more on the
programming logic rather than the underlying hardware components such as memory addressing and
register utilization.
The first high-level programming languages were designed in the 1950s. Now there are dozens of
different languages, including Ada , Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA, FORTRAN, LISP,
Pascal, and Prolog. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human
languages and farther from machine languages. In contrast, assembly languages are considered low-
level because they are very close to machine languages.
The high-level programming languages are broadly categorized in to two categories:
(iv) Procedure oriented programming(POP) language.
(v) Object oriented programming(OOP) language.
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