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OS MATERIALS FOR BCA

 


OS MATERIALS FOR BCA

UNIT-1:

Operating System is an Interface between a Computer User and Computer
Hardware. Every general-purpose Computer must have an Operating System to
run other programs and applications. It acts as an intermediary between user and
computer.

 An Operating System (OS) is a System Software that controls and co-
ordinate the execution of the programs.

 The purpose of an Operating System is to provide an environment in which
the Users can execute his Programs.
 The Primary Goal of an Operating System is to make the Computer
Systems convenient to use.
 The Secondary Goal of an Operating System is to use the Computer
Hardware in an efficient manner
A Computer System Can be divided roughly into four Components:
a. The Hardware
b. The Application Programs
c. The Operating Systems
d. The Users
a) The Hardware: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory, I/O Devices
Provides The Basic Computing Services For The Systems.
b) The Application Programs: The Application Programs such as Word
Processors, Spreadsheets, Database Systems, Compilers, Web Browsers, Games
etc.
c) The Operating System: The Operating Systems Controls and Coordinate the
use of the hardware among various application programs for the various users.
d) The Users: There may be different users or people trying to solve different
problems.

OS MATERIAL UNIT -1

UNIT-2

Modern Operating Systems have two basic modes in which they can execute a
certain program – User Mode and Kernel Mode.
The Processor (CPU) switches between these two modes.
Applications run in user mode , and core OS components run in kernel mode. These modes define standardised instructions for deciding what resources can be accessed. The dual mode protect data and provide system security.
USER MODE:
It has restricted access to the resources. CPU has restrictions , therefore it can have only access to limited instructions and memory. Utility applications such as text editors, media players are run in the user mode.
User mode does not have direct access to the computer hardware. The mode bit of user mode is “1”.
When an application or program is executed, its initial state and operation mode are loaded on stack. At this point, Processor starts executing the program in this mode.

OS MATERIAL UNIT -2

UNIT-3

Deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are blocked because

each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource acquired by some other process.

In a deadlock, processes never finish executing, and system resources are tied up, preventing other jobs from starting.

OS MATERIAL UNIT -3

UNIT-4

Memory management, which involves regulating and coordinating the allocation and deallocation of computer memory resources, is a crucial feature of an operating system (OS). Memory management's main objective is to effectively use the memory that is now available to facilitate programme execution and to offer an environment that is dependable and secure for the operating system and applications. The following are some essential memory management ideas:

Memory Hierarchy: Main memory (RAM), secondary storage (hard discs, solid-state drives), registers, caches, and other types of memory are all common components of modern computer systems. Different capacities, access speeds, and prices are available at each level.

UNIT-5

A directory is a container that is used to contain files and sub-directories (folders). It organizes files and folders in a hierarchical manner.
There are several logical structures of a directory, these are given below.
1.Single-level directory:
The single-level directory is the simplest directory structure. In it, all files are contained in the same directory which makes it easy to support and
understand.
A single level directory has a significant limitation, however, when the number of files increases or when the system has more than one user. Since all the files are in the same directory, they must have a unique name. If two users call their dataset test, then the unique name rule violated.

OS MATERIAL UNIT -5


OS LAB PROGRAMS

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